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    BASTIAENS, H.M.J., GERBER, T. & PETERS, P.J.M. Compact Capacitively Coupled N-2 Laser With A New Electrode Design

    [BibTeX]

    		 1984 Optics Letters
    Vol. 9(4), pp. 113-115     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BASTIAENS1984,
  author = {BASTIAENS, H. M. J. and GERBER, T. and PETERS, P. J. M.},
  title = {Compact Capacitively Coupled N-2 Laser With A New Electrode Design},
  journal = {Optics Letters},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {113--115}
}
    Beaud, P., Gerber, T., Radi, P.P., Tulej, M. & Knopp, G. Rotationally inelastic collisions between N-2 and rare gases: an extension of the angular momentum scaling law

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2003 Chemical Physics Letters
    Vol. 373(3-4), pp. 251-257     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: Recently we proposed a new model describing rotationally inelastic collisions: the angular momentum and energy corrected sudden approximation (AECS) based on an effective angular momentum parameter l(c) = 2h limiting the possible amount of angular momentum transfer due to the restricted interaction time. In this work rotational energy transfer in N-2 induced by collisions with rare gases (He, Ne, Ar and Kr) is investigated with time-resolved CARS. We find it necessary to complement the AECS model with an energy gap term that can be formulated without additional model parameters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Beaud2003,
  author = {Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Radi, P. P. and Tulej, M. and Knopp, G.},
  title = {Rotationally inelastic collisions between N-2 and rare gases: an extension of the angular momentum scaling law},
  journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {373},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {251--257},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00559-1}
}
    Beaud, P., Radi, P.P., Franzke, D., Frey, H.M., Mischler, B., Tzannis, A.P. & Gerber, T. Picosecond investigation of the collisional deactivation of OH A (2)Sigma(+)(v ' = 1, N ' = 4, 12) in an atmospheric-pressure flame

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1998 Applied Optics
    Vol. 37(15), pp. 3354-3367     		 article  
    Abstract: The collisional deactivation of the laser excited states A (2) Sigma(+) (upsilon' = 1, N' = 4, 12) of OH in a flame is studied by measurement of spectrally resolved fluorescence decays in the picosecond time domain. Quenching and depolarization rates, as well as vibrational energy-transfer (VET) and rotational energy-transfer (RET) rates are determined. An empirical model describes the temporal evolution of the quenching and VET rates that emerge from the rotational-state relaxation. Fitting this model to the measured 1-0 and 0-0 fluorescence decays yields the quenching and VET rates of the initially excited rotational state along with those that correspond to a ratationally equilibrated vibronic-state population. VET from the higher rotational state (N' = 12) shows a tendency for resonant transitions to energetic close-lying levels, RET is investigated by analysis of the temporal evolution of the 1-1 emission band. The observed RET is well described by the energy-corrected sudden-approximation theory in conjunction with a power-gap law. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Beaud1998,
  author = {Beaud, P. and Radi, P. P. and Franzke, D. and Frey, H. M. and Mischler, B. and Tzannis, A. P. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Picosecond investigation of the collisional deactivation of OH A (2)Sigma(+)(v ' = 1, N ' = 4, 12) in an atmospheric-pressure flame},
  journal = {Applied Optics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {37},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3354--3367}
}
    Bodi, A., Sztaray, B., Baer, T., Johnson, M. & Gerber, T. Data acquisition schemes for continuous two-particle time-of-flight coincidence experiments

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2007 Review Of Scientific Instruments
    Vol. 78(8), pp. 084102     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: Three data acquisition schemes for two-particle coincidence experiments with a continuous source are discussed. The single-start/single-stop technique, implemented with a time-to-pulse-height converter, results in a complicated spectrum and breaks down severely at high count rates. The single-start/multiple-stop setup, based on a time-to-digital converter and the first choice in today's similar coincidence experiments, performs significantly better at high count rates, but its performance is still hampered if the time-of-flight range is large, and the false coincidence background is variable if the event frequency and the collection efficiency of the starts are both high. A straightforward, multistart/multistop setup is proposed for coincidence experiments. By collecting all detector data, it ensures the highest signal-to-noise ratio, constant background, and fast data acquisition and can now be easily constructed with commercially available time-to-digital converters. Analytical and numerically evaluated formulas are derived to characterize the performance of each setup in a variety of environments. Computer simulated spectra are presented to illustrate the analytically predicted features of the various raw time-of-flight distributions obtained with each technique.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Bodi2007,
  author = {Bodi, A. and Sztaray, B. and Baer, T. and Johnson, M. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Data acquisition schemes for continuous two-particle time-of-flight coincidence experiments},
  journal = {Review Of Scientific Instruments},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {78},
  number = {8},
  pages = {084102},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2776012}
}
    BOMBACH, R., GERBER, T., HEMMERLING, B. & HUBSCHMID, W. Aspects Of Hydrogen Cars Thermometry

    [BibTeX]

    		 1990 Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry
    Vol. 51(1), pp. 59-60     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BOMBACH1990,
  author = {BOMBACH, R. and GERBER, T. and HEMMERLING, B. and HUBSCHMID, W.},
  title = {Aspects Of Hydrogen Cars Thermometry},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59--60}
}
    Bougie, B., Tulej, M., Dreier, T., Dam, N.J., Ter Meulen, J.J. & Gerber, T. Optical diagnostics of diesel spray injections and combustion in a high-pressure high-temperature cell

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2005 Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics
    Vol. 80(8), pp. 1039-1045     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: We report on spatially and temporally resolved optical diagnostic measurements of propagation and combustion of diesel sprays introduced through a single-hole fuel injector into a constant volume, high-temperature, high-pressure cell. From shadowgraphy images in non-reacting environments of pure nitrogen, penetration lengths and dispersion angles were determined for non-vaporizing and vaporizing conditions, and found to be in reasonable agreement with standard models for liquid jet propagation and break-up. Quasi-simultaneous two-dimensional images were obtained of laser elastic light scattering, shadowgraphs and spectrally integrated flame emission in a reacting environment (cell temperature 850 K). In addition laser-induced incandescence was employed for the identification of soot-loaded regions. The simultaneously recorded spray images exhibit remarkable structural similarity and provide complementary information about the spray propagation and combustion process. The measurements also reveal the fuel vapor cloud extending well beyond the liquid core and close to the nozzle tip. Ignition takes place close to the tip of the spray within the mixing layer of fuel vapor and surrounding air. Soot is formed in the vapor core region at the tip of the liquid fuel jet. Our results support recently developed phenomenological model on diesel spray combustion.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Bougie2005,
  author = {Bougie, B. and Tulej, M. and Dreier, T. and Dam, N. J. and Ter Meulen, J. J. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Optical diagnostics of diesel spray injections and combustion in a high-pressure high-temperature cell},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {80},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1039--1045},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-1830-5}
}
    BURKHARD, P., GERBER, T. & LUTHY, W. Xef Excimer Laser Pumped In A Longitudinal Low-Pressure Discharge

    [BibTeX]

    		 1981 Applied Physics Letters
    Vol. 39(1), pp. 19-20     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BURKHARD1981,
  author = {BURKHARD, P. and GERBER, T. and LUTHY, W.},
  title = {Xef Excimer Laser Pumped In A Longitudinal Low-Pressure Discharge},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--20}
}
    BURKHARD, P., LUTHY, W. & GERBER, T. Properties Of The Uv-Tlbr Photodissociation-Laser

    [BibTeX]

    		 1980 Optics Communications
    Vol. 34(3), pp. 451-454     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BURKHARD1980,
  author = {BURKHARD, P. and LUTHY, W. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Properties Of The Uv-Tlbr Photodissociation-Laser},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {451--454}
}
    BURKHARD, P., LUTHY, W. & GERBER, T. Gain In A Thallium Iodide Laser With External Resonator

    [BibTeX]

    		 1980 Optics Letters
    Vol. 5(12), pp. 522-524     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BURKHARD1980a,
  author = {BURKHARD, P. and LUTHY, W. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Gain In A Thallium Iodide Laser With External Resonator},
  journal = {Optics Letters},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {5},
  number = {12},
  pages = {522--524}
}
    BURKHARD, P., LUTHY, W. & GERBER, T. Emission Properties Of An Ultraviolet Thallium Bromide Photo-Dissociation Laser

    [BibTeX]

    		 1980 Helvetica Physica Acta
    Vol. 53(4), pp. 626-626     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{BURKHARD1980b,
  author = {BURKHARD, P. and LUTHY, W. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Emission Properties Of An Ultraviolet Thallium Bromide Photo-Dissociation Laser},
  journal = {Helvetica Physica Acta},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {626--626}
}
    Cannavo, D., Knopp, G., Radi, P., Beaud, P., Tulej, M., Bodek, P., Gerber, T. & Wokaun, A. Neutral molecular ZnX (X = O, OH, N) compounds in a molecular beam

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2006 Journal Of Molecular Structure
    Vol. 782(1), pp. 67-72     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: Neutral ZnO and ZnOH molecules could be produced in a molecular beam by expansion of laser ablated zinc together with H2O, O-2 or N2O seeded in a rare gas (Ar, Ne, He). Due to the characteristic Zn isotope distribution, the zinc containing compounds, ionized with a 100 fs laser pulse, could unambiguously be identified with a TOF mass spectrometer. The abundance of ZnOH produced ill our experiments exceeds the one of ZnO and ZnN by orders of magnitude if H2O is present in the system. Small quantities of (ZnO)(2)H and Zn-2(OH)(3) compounds could also be observed. To our knowledge this is the first evidence for the occurrence of neutral ZnO and ZnOH molecules in a molecular beam. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Cannavo2006,
  author = {Cannavo, D. and Knopp, G. and Radi, P. and Beaud, P. and Tulej, M. and Bodek, P. and Gerber, T. and Wokaun, A.},
  title = {Neutral molecular ZnX (X = O, OH, N) compounds in a molecular beam},
  journal = {Journal Of Molecular Structure},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {782},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--72},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.01.025}
}
    Dreier, T., Bougie, B., Dam, N. & Gerber, T. Modeling of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence transients for particle sizing in high-pressure spray combustion environments: a comparative study

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2006 Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics
    Vol. 83(3), pp. 403-411     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: In this study experimental single-pulse, time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII) signal intensity profiles acquired during transient Diesel combustion events at high pressure were processed. Experiments were performed between 0.6 and 7 MPa using a high-temperature high-pressure constant volume cell and a heavy-duty Diesel engine, respectively. Three currently available LII sub-model functions were investigated in their performance for extracting ensemble mean soot particle diameters using a least-squares fitting routine, and a "quick-fit" interpolation approach, respectively. In the calculations a particle size distribution as well as the temporal and spatial intensity profile of the heating laser was taken into account. For the poorly characterized sample environments of this work, some deficiencies in these state-of-the-art data evaluation procedures were revealed. Depending on the implemented model function, significant differences in the extracted particle size parameters are apparent. We also observe that the obtained "best-fit" size parameters in the fitting procedure are biased by the choice of their respective "first-guess" initial values. This behavior may be caused by the smooth temporal profile of the LII cooling curve, giving rise to shallow local minima on the multi-parameter least squares residuals, surface sampled during the regression analysis procedure. Knowledge of the gas phase temperature of the probed medium is considered important for obtaining unbiased size parameter information from TIRE-LII measurements.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Dreier2006,
  author = {Dreier, T. and Bougie, B. and Dam, N. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Modeling of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence transients for particle sizing in high-pressure spray combustion environments: a comparative study},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {403--411},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2207-0}
}
    EGGER, H. & GERBER, T. Investigation Of Hgh As Candidate For A Laser

    [BibTeX]

    		 1980 Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik
    Vol. 31(2), pp. 193-203     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{EGGER1980,
  author = {EGGER, H. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Investigation Of Hgh As Candidate For A Laser},
  journal = {Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {193--203}
}
    Frey, H.M., Beaud, P., Gerber, T., Mischler, B., Radi, P.P. & Tzannis, A.P. Determination of rotational constants in a molecule by femtosecond four-wave mixing

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2000 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 31(1-2), pp. 71-76     		 article  
    Abstract: Femtosecond time-resolved DFWM experiments were performed on CHCl3 and SO2, The recurrences observed originate from the preparation of rotational coherences within the sample. The determination of rotational constants for a symmetric and an asymmetric top are shown. The simulation of the transients for the symmetric top allows the extraction of the main moment of inertia B and the centrifugal terms perpendicular to the molecule axis. For the asymmetric top, all three rotational constants can be derived. In addition to the transients at 1/2(B + C), two additional types of asymmetry transients at 1/4C and 1/4A arise from this experiment. The first origins from the levels at low K and the second from the levels at high K in the high-J limit. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Frey2000,
  author = {Frey, H. M. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Mischler, B. and Radi, P. P. and Tzannis, A. P.},
  title = {Determination of rotational constants in a molecule by femtosecond four-wave mixing},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {31},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {71--76}
}
    Frey, H.M., Beaud, P., Gerber, T., Mischler, B., Radi, P.P. & Tzannis, A.P. Femtosecond nonresonant degenerate four-wave mixing at atmospheric pressure and in a free jet

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1999 Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics
    Vol. 68(4), pp. 735-739     		 article  
    Abstract: Time-resolved nonresonant degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) experiments on the femtosecond time scale were performed in the gas phase. Results are presented for air, O-2, N-2, and CO2. For CO2 additional experiments have been performed at reduced pressure and in a molecular beam. By delaying the probe pulse a periodic recovery of the DFWM signal is observed. The period of these transients can be assigned unambiguously to rotational Raman transitions of the ground state within the laser bandwidth. The decay of the transients yields the collisional dephasing of the Raman-induced polarization. At zero delay also optical-held-induced birefringence of electronic nature contributes to the signal. The different time scales of the Raman and electronic effects allow us to estimate their relative strength.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Frey1999,
  author = {Frey, H. M. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Mischler, B. and Radi, P. P. and Tzannis, A. P.},
  title = {Femtosecond nonresonant degenerate four-wave mixing at atmospheric pressure and in a free jet},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {68},
  number = {4},
  pages = {735--739}
}
    Ganter, R., Bakker, R.J., Betemps, R., Dehler, M., Gerber, T., Gobrecht, J., Gough, C., Johnson, M., Kirk, E., Knopp, G., Le-Pimpec, F., Li, K., Paraliev, M., Pedrozzi, M., Rivkin, L., Sehr, H., Schulz, L. & Wrulich, A. Nanoseconds field emitted current pulses from ZrC needles and field emitter arrays

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2006 Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B
    Vol. 24(2), pp. 974-978     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: The properties of the electron source define the ultimate limit of the beam quality in linear accelerators such as free electron lasers (FELs). The goal is to develop an electron gun delivering beam emittance lower than the current state of the art. Such a gun should reduce the cost and size of an x-ray FEL (XFEL). In this article we present two concepts of field emitter cathodes which could potentially produce low emittance beam. The first challenging parameter for such cathode is to emit peak current as high as 5 A. This is the minimum current requirement for the XFEL concept from Paul Scherrer Institut (http://leg.web.psi.ch). Maximum currents of 0.12 and 0.58 A have been reached, respectively, with field emitter arrays and single needle cathodes. Laser assisted field emission gave encouraging results to reach even higher peak current and to prebunch the beam. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Ganter2006,
  author = {Ganter, R. and Bakker, R. J. and Betemps, R. and Dehler, M. and Gerber, T. and Gobrecht, J. and Gough, C. and Johnson, M. and Kirk, E. and Knopp, G. and Le-Pimpec, F. and Li, K. and Paraliev, M. and Pedrozzi, M. and Rivkin, L. and Sehr, H. and Schulz, L. and Wrulich, A.},
  title = {Nanoseconds field emitted current pulses from ZrC needles and field emitter arrays},
  journal = {Journal Of Vacuum Science & Technology B},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {974--978},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2174025}
}
    GERBER, T., BASTIAENS, H.M.J. & PETERS, P.J.M. A Miniature High-Power Krf Laser-Excited With A Capacitively Coupled Discharge

    [BibTeX]

    		 1985 Ieee Journal Of Quantum Electronics
    Vol. 21(3), pp. 191-193     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1985,
  author = {GERBER, T. and BASTIAENS, H. M. J. and PETERS, P. J. M.},
  title = {A Miniature High-Power Krf Laser-Excited With A Capacitively Coupled Discharge},
  journal = {Ieee Journal Of Quantum Electronics},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {191--193}
}
    GERBER, T., BASTIAENS, H.M.J. & PETERS, P.J.M. Performance And Scalability Of A Capacitively Coupled Laser With A Cylindrical Discharge Volume

    [BibTeX]

    		 1985 Proceedings Of The Society Of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
    Vol. 492, pp. 87-89     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1985a,
  author = {GERBER, T. and BASTIAENS, H. M. J. and PETERS, P. J. M.},
  title = {Performance And Scalability Of A Capacitively Coupled Laser With A Cylindrical Discharge Volume},
  journal = {Proceedings Of The Society Of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {492},
  pages = {87--89}
}
    GERBER, T. & LUTHY, W. The Formation Of Oh(A 2-Sigma+) From H2o In A Longitudinal Discharge

    [BibTeX]

    		 1983 Journal Of Chemical Physics
    Vol. 79(11), pp. 5445-5447     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1983a,
  author = {GERBER, T. and LUTHY, W.},
  title = {The Formation Of Oh(A 2-Sigma+) From H2o In A Longitudinal Discharge},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {79},
  number = {11},
  pages = {5445--5447}
}
    GERBER, T., LUTHY, W. & BURKHARD, P. High-Efficiency Krf Excimer Flashlamp

    [BibTeX]

    		 1980 Optics Communications
    Vol. 35(2), pp. 242-244     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1980,
  author = {GERBER, T. and LUTHY, W. and BURKHARD, P.},
  title = {High-Efficiency Krf Excimer Flashlamp},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {242--244}
}
    GERBER, T., LUTHY, W., SCHMIELE, R. & HENCHOZ, P.D. Comparison Of N2, Xe, Kr, And Arf Excimer Flashlamps With Respect To Their Suitability For Pumping Tli

    [BibTeX]

    		 1983 Journal Of Applied Physics
    Vol. 54(7), pp. 3732-3734     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1983,
  author = {GERBER, T. and LUTHY, W. and SCHMIELE, R. and HENCHOZ, P. D.},
  title = {Comparison Of N2, Xe, Kr, And Arf Excimer Flashlamps With Respect To Their Suitability For Pumping Tli},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {54},
  number = {7},
  pages = {3732--3734}
}
    GERBER, T., PETERS, P.J.M. & BASTIAENS, H.M.J. A Krf-Laser Excited By A Capacitively Coupled Longitudinal Discharge

    [BibTeX]

    		 1985 Optics Communications
    Vol. 53(6), pp. 401-404     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1985b,
  author = {GERBER, T. and PETERS, P. J. M. and BASTIAENS, H. M. J.},
  title = {A Krf-Laser Excited By A Capacitively Coupled Longitudinal Discharge},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {53},
  number = {6},
  pages = {401--404}
}
    GERBER, T., PETERS, P.J.M., BASTIAENS, H.M.J. & WITTEMAN, W.J. Enhancement Of The Specific Output Energy Of An Electron-Beam Pumped Krf Laser By Using Ne As The Main Buffer Gas

    [BibTeX]

    		 1984 Applied Physics Letters
    Vol. 45(4), pp. 356-357     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{GERBER1984,
  author = {GERBER, T. and PETERS, P. J. M. and BASTIAENS, H. M. J. and WITTEMAN, W. J.},
  title = {Enhancement Of The Specific Output Energy Of An Electron-Beam Pumped Krf Laser By Using Ne As The Main Buffer Gas},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {356--357}
}
    HUBSCHMID, W., BOMBACH, R. & GERBER, T. Time-Resolved Measurements Of Statistics For A Nd-Yag Laser

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1994 Applied Optics
    Vol. 33(24), pp. 5509-5512     		 article  
    Abstract: Time-resolved measurements of the fluctuating intensity of a multimode frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser have been performed. For various operating conditions the enhancement factors in nonlinear optical processes that use a fluctuating instead of a single-mode laser have been determined up to the sixth order. In the case of reduced flash-lamp excitation and a switched-off laser amplifier, the intensity fluctuations agree with the normalized Gaussian model for the fluctuations of the fundamental frequency, whereas strong deviations are found under usual operating conditions. The frequency-doubled light has in the latter case enhancement factors not so far from values of Gaussian statistics.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{HUBSCHMID1994,
  author = {HUBSCHMID, W. and BOMBACH, R. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Time-Resolved Measurements Of Statistics For A Nd-Yag Laser},
  journal = {Applied Optics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {33},
  number = {24},
  pages = {5509--5512}
}
    HUBSCHMID, W., BOMBACH, R. & GERBER, T. Autocorrelation Coefficient Of The Radiation Output Of A Frequency-Doubled Nd-Yag Laser

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1993 Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry
    Vol. 56(1), pp. 25-28     		 article  
    Abstract: The autocorrelation coefficient of a frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser output has been extracted for various operating conditions from the pulse form measured by a streak camera and from the enhancement of the nonresonant CARS intensity for correlated as against uncorrelated pump beams. The measured values are compared with values in the normalized Gaussian model.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{HUBSCHMID1993,
  author = {HUBSCHMID, W. and BOMBACH, R. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Autocorrelation Coefficient Of The Radiation Output Of A Frequency-Doubled Nd-Yag Laser},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--28}
}
    Knopp, G., Beaud, P., Radi, P., Tulej, M., Bougie, B., Cannavo, D. & Gerber, T. Pressure-dependent N-2 Q-branch fs-CARS measurements

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2002 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 33(11-12), pp. 861-865     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: We demonstrate the feasibility of the time-delayed femtosecond CARS (fs-CARS) technique in a dense gas environment. The experiments were performed on N-2 molecules between 0.2 and 5 bar pressure. The method provides several advantages compared with its wavenumber-resolved counterpart, e.g. the possible separation of the non-resonant contributions to the signal, and is more suitable when the isolated lines approximations collapse and complex line mixing and energy transfer models have to be implemented in the signal description. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations based on collision-induced rotational energy transfer (RET) models such as the common energy-corrected sudden approximation (ECS). Moreover, it is shown that the structure of the time-delayed signals is very sensitive to the applied pressures. Therefore, fs-CARS is an ideal supplementary tool for investigations of collision-induced spectroscopic effects, which are decisive for temperature and concentration determination in combustion processes. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Knopp2002,
  author = {Knopp, G. and Beaud, P. and Radi, P. and Tulej, M. and Bougie, B. and Cannavo, D. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Pressure-dependent N-2 Q-branch fs-CARS measurements},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {33},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {861--865},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.949}
}
    Knopp, G., Kirch, K., Beaud, P., Mishima, K., Spitzer, H., Radi, P., Tulej, M. & Gerber, T. Determination of the ortho-/para deuterium concentration ratio with femtosecond CARS

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2003 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 34(12), pp. 989-993     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: The time-resolved femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) method was used for the determination of para- and ortho-states in gaseous deuterium (D-2). The present investigations at the SINQ ('Spallations Neutronen Quelle') spallation neutron source at the Paul Scherer Institute (PSI) were performed for the development of an effective ultra-cold neutron (UCN) source. High concentrations of ortho-D-2 in UCN sources are mandatory and therefore flexible applications for the measurement of ortho-D-2 concentrations are of interest. Hence the non-equilibrium ortho-D-2 concentration in gas samples, taken from the liquid D-2 cold moderator of the SINQ, was measured with fs-CARS. It is shown that the sensitivity of fs-CARS due to the nuclear spin degeneracy is high, and that the method is an ideal tool for D-2 para- and ortho-state investigations. At a sample temperature of 298 K the ortho-D-2 concentration for thermalized D-2 was measured as 66.664(16)% of the total D-2 concentration, whereas the fraction of ortho-D-2 molecules in a specific sample from the spallation source was found to be 70.68(33)%. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Knopp2003a,
  author = {Knopp, G. and Kirch, K. and Beaud, P. and Mishima, K. and Spitzer, H. and Radi, P. and Tulej, M. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Determination of the ortho-/para deuterium concentration ratio with femtosecond CARS},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {34},
  number = {12},
  pages = {989--993},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1091}
}
    Knopp, G., Radi, P., Tulej, M., Gerber, T. & Beaud, P. Collision induced rotational energy transfer probed by time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2003 Journal Of Chemical Physics
    Vol. 118(18), pp. 8223-8233     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: We show that the technique of femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for the investigation of collision-induced linewidths and the validation of rotational energy transfer (RET) models. The fs-CARS method is applied to the N-2-N-2 collision system, and a comparison between the commonly used exponential gap (ECS-E), power gap (ECS-P), frequency corrected (EFCS), and the recently proposed angular momentum and energy corrected (AECS) variants of the ECS model is presented. As result we show that the AECS scaling law requires only two free parameters, and is appropriate for the determination of RET rates from the measured fs-CARS signals. The AECS model is also applied to the more complex C2H2-C2H2 collision system. As vibrational energy transfer and dephasing is not negligible in this case, the model has to be modified by introducing a vibrational relaxation factor. With this modification the fs-CARS signals from acetylene can be described successfully. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Knopp2003,
  author = {Knopp, G. and Radi, P. and Tulej, M. and Gerber, T. and Beaud, P.},
  title = {Collision induced rotational energy transfer probed by time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {118},
  number = {18},
  pages = {8223--8233},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566437}
}
    Lippert, T., Gerber, T., Wokaun, A., Funk, D.J., Fukumura, H. & Goto, M. Single pulse nm-size grating formation in polymers using laser ablation with an irradiation wavelength of 355 nm

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1999 Applied Physics Letters
    Vol. 75(7), pp. 1018-1020     		 article  
    Abstract: Laser ablation at 355 nm of a specially designed polymer was used as a true single step dry-etching process to create a two-beam interference grating. Gratings with groove spacings of 180 and 1090 nm were created with single laser pulses. Moreover, by varying the laser fluence and/or the angle between the two beams, variable modulation frequencies (depth/spacing) could be obtained. Additional pulses deteriorated the grating quality, demonstrating the importance of the single pulse approach. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)00333-2].
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Lippert1999,
  author = {Lippert, T. and Gerber, T. and Wokaun, A. and Funk, D. J. and Fukumura, H. and Goto, M.},
  title = {Single pulse nm-size grating formation in polymers using laser ablation with an irradiation wavelength of 355 nm},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {75},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1018--1020}
}
    LUTHY, W., BURKHARD, P., GERBER, T.E. & WEBER, H.P. Laser-Emission At 535nm By 2-Photon-Dissociation Of Thallium-Bromide

    [BibTeX]

    		 1981 Optics Communications
    Vol. 38(5-6), pp. 413-415     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{LUTHY1981,
  author = {LUTHY, W. and BURKHARD, P. and GERBER, T. E. and WEBER, H. P.},
  title = {Laser-Emission At 535nm By 2-Photon-Dissociation Of Thallium-Bromide},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {38},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {413--415}
}
    LUTHY, W., SCHMIELE, R. & GERBER, T. Spectral Properties Of A Hgbr2 Photo-Dissociation Laser

    [BibTeX]

    		 1982 Physics Letters A
    Vol. 88(9), pp. 450-452     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{LUTHY1982,
  author = {LUTHY, W. and SCHMIELE, R. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {Spectral Properties Of A Hgbr2 Photo-Dissociation Laser},
  journal = {Physics Letters A},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {88},
  number = {9},
  pages = {450--452}
}
    Mischler, B., Beaud, P., Gerber, T., Tzannis, A.P. & Radi, P.P. Degenerate four-wave mixing of S-2 and OH in fuel-rich propane/air/SO2 flames

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1996 Combustion Science And Technology
    Vol. 119(1-6), pp. 375-393     		 article  
    Abstract: Absolute concentration profiles of S-2 and OH in a premixed propane/air/SO2 dame at atmospheric pressure are determined by DFWM and absorption spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 308.5 to 310.5 nm. The OH radical is monitored via the well known (0,0) band of the electronic A((2) Sigma(+))-X((2) Pi) system. Upon addition of SO2 to the fuel stream numerous transitions of sulfur containing species are observed in addition. Recent molecular parameters for the B((3) Sigma(u)(-))-X((3) Sigma(g)(-)) transition of S-2 are used to compute a synthetic spectrum of the molecule within the accuracy of the laser system (approximate to 0.15 cm(-1)) that overlaps favorably with major features in the experimental spectra. In spite of the dense spectrum, isolated transitions are observed that are suitable for concentration measurements. Relative concentrations of OH and S-2 are mapped by taking advantage of the high sensitivity of the DFWM technique. Absorption spectroscopy, on the other hand, is used to obtain an absolute number density of OH at positions in the flame where a significant level of the radical occurs. These measurements are linked to the relative OH profile and yield the absolute concentration of the hydroxyl as a function of height above the burner surface. Furthermore, the relative S-2 profile obtained by DFWM is put on an absolute scale by quantitative comparison with the OH profile. The required Einstein B coefficients for the B-X transition of S-2 are obtained from a calculation of Honl-London factors and taking into account the Franck-Condon factors and the electronic transition moment from the literature. The measured profiles of S-2 and OH are in good qualitative agreement with a recent theoretical model of the sulfur chemistry in flames.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Mischler1996,
  author = {Mischler, B. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Tzannis, A. P. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Degenerate four-wave mixing of S-2 and OH in fuel-rich propane/air/SO2 flames},
  journal = {Combustion Science And Technology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {119},
  number = {1-6},
  pages = {375--393}
}
    PETERS, P.J.M., BASTIAENS, H.M.J., WITTEMAN, W.J. & GERBER, T. A Study Of The Electron Quenching Of Excimers In A Krf-Star Laser-Excited By A Coaxial Electron-Beam

    [BibTeX]

    		 1987 Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry
    Vol. 43(4), pp. 253-261     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{PETERS1987,
  author = {PETERS, P. J. M. and BASTIAENS, H. M. J. and WITTEMAN, W. J. and GERBER, T.},
  title = {A Study Of The Electron Quenching Of Excimers In A Krf-Star Laser-Excited By A Coaxial Electron-Beam},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Photophysics And Laser Chemistry},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {253--261}
}
    Radi, P.P., Beaud, P., Franzke, D., Frey, H.M., Gerber, T., Mischler, B. & Tzannis, A.P. Femtosecond photoionization of (H2O)(n) and (D2O)(n) clusters

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1999 Journal Of Chemical Physics
    Vol. 111(2), pp. 512-518     		 article  
    Abstract: Cluster ion distributions of water in a molecular beam are investigated by femtosecond ionization at 780 nm and reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The electric field strength generated by the ultrashort laser pulses is sufficient to efficiently ionize most of the molecules that are present in the molecular beam. In this work ion signals of large water clusters containing up to 60 monomers are reported. Upon ionization rapid proton transfer is observed, leading to the formation of protonated water cluster ions. Unprotonated clusters (H2O)(n)(+) (n>2) are not observed in the mass spectra. The configurational energy imparted to the protonated clusters induces unimolecular dissociation on the ms time scale. These metastable reactions are characterized by modeling the ion trajectories in the mass spectrometer. The numerical procedure in conjunction with the integrated parent and daughter intensities results in unimolecular dissociation rates as a function of cluster size. Additional information about proton transfer reactions is obtained by the investigation of deuterium substitutions. Even though these substitutions correspond to large relative changes in the mass of the atom as well as in the zero point energy, unprotonated (D2O)(n)(+) clusters of significant abundance are not produced in supersonic expansions of deuterated water. An additional result of this work is the observation of doubly charged ions above a critical cluster size (n=37). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)01126-5].
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi1999a,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Beaud, P. and Franzke, D. and Frey, H. M. and Gerber, T. and Mischler, B. and Tzannis, A. P.},
  title = {Femtosecond photoionization of (H2O)(n) and (D2O)(n) clusters},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {111},
  number = {2},
  pages = {512--518}
}
    Radi, P.P., Beaud, P., Frey, H.M., Gerber, T., Mischler, B. & Tzannis, A.P. Analysis of radicals in combustion processes

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1997 Chimia
    Vol. 51(10), pp. 771-776     		 article  
    Abstract: This work reports on a variety of radical analysis applications in combustion that are performed in the laboratories of the Paul Scherrer Institute. Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Resonant Holographic Interferometry is applied to the two-dimensional imaging of radicals in flames. The potential of Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy for non-perturbing combustion diagnostics is investigated and the method is applied to radicals in flames. Phase-Conjugation and the use of two different input frequencies are utilized to address typical problems in a combustion environment, i.e., lensing effects due to temperature and density gradients and congested spectra of the analyte due to significant thermal population of the ground state. More fundamentally, experiments are aimed to obtain detailed knowledge on the spectroscopy of many important radicals that are not yet characterized sufficiently for diagnostic purposes. A molecular beam apparatus has been set up where the collision less and cold environment provides well defined experimental conditions to produce and investigate the relevant radicals. Finally, temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence decays in the picosecond time domain are measured in an atmospheric pressure flame. These experiments yield results on vibrational and rotational energy transfer that are required for quantitative laser-induced fluorescence measurements.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi1997a,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Beaud, P. and Frey, H. M. and Gerber, T. and Mischler, B. and Tzannis, A. P.},
  title = {Analysis of radicals in combustion processes},
  journal = {Chimia},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {51},
  number = {10},
  pages = {771--776}
}
    Radi, P.P., Frey, H.M., Mischler, B., Tzannis, A.P., Beaud, P. & Gerber, T. Stimulated emission pumping of OH and NH in flames by using two-color resonant four-wave mixing

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1997 Chemical Physics Letters
    Vol. 265(1-2), pp. 271-276     		 article  
    Abstract: In this work we examine the analytical potential of two-color resonant four-wave mixing for the determination and characterization of trace elements in a combustion environment. Experimental results for NH and OH in flames at atmospheric pressure are presented. The selectivity of the technique is used to simplify the Q-branch region of the (0-0) A(3)II-X (3) Sigma(-) vibronic transition of NH. Furthermore, substantial signal-to-noise ratios in the (0-0) A(2) Sigma(+)-X(2)II system of OH are achieved. The high sensitivity is applied to perform stimulated emission pumping involving the weak (0-1) vibrational band. In addition, we demonstrate that the technique is sensitive to state changing collisions.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi1997,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Frey, H. M. and Mischler, B. and Tzannis, A. P. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Stimulated emission pumping of OH and NH in flames by using two-color resonant four-wave mixing},
  journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {265},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {271--276}
}
    Radi, P.P., Mischler, B., Gerber, T., Dreher, H., Lehmann, B. & Ochs, M. Imaging of the reaction zone in a 100 kW oil-burning furnace by use of a broad-band excimer laser

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1996 Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics
    Vol. 62(1), pp. 65-69     		 article  
    Abstract: The reaction zone in the hostile combustion environment of a 100 kW oil-burning furnace has been imaged by laser-induced fluorescence using a broad-band XeCl-excimer laser. Upon excitation, the averaged images obtained by using an interference filter around 320 nm (FWHM of 10 nm) show three distinct areas along the direction of the gas flow. An intense emission spreads around the spray axis and is attributed to the fluorescence of large hydrocarbons in the unburned fuel. Approximately 12 cm downstream of the nozzle, a narrow dark region is displayed suggesting the preheat zone of the combustion process where large hydrocarbons are considerably degraded. The third distinct region is characterized by a strong onset of the fluorescence intensity localized downstream of the dark region. This feature is strongly suppressed by replacing the interference filter by a broad-band transmission filter passing light from 350 to 500 nm, Since OH strongly absorbs at the laser wavelength and its fluorescence is significantly lower above 345 nm, the findings imply that the major contribution to the observed intensity in this region originates from the OH radical. This molecule reaches its maximum concentration immediately downstream of the flame front. However, a contribution from other flame species fluorescing around 320 nm cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, the combined spatial and spectral information obtained imply that the reaction zone of the combustion process can be localized accurately. The results are compared with simultaneously performed numerical simulations of the burner and are in reasonable agreement.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi1996,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Mischler, B. and Gerber, T. and Dreher, H. and Lehmann, B. and Ochs, M.},
  title = {Imaging of the reaction zone in a 100 kW oil-burning furnace by use of a broad-band excimer laser},
  journal = {Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {62},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--69}
}
    Radi, P.P., Mischler, B., Schlegel, A., Tzannis, A.P., Beaud, P. & Gerber, T. Absolute concentration measurements using DFWM and modeling of OH and S-2 in a fuel-rich H-2/Air/SO2 flame

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1999 Combustion And Flame
    Vol. 118(1-2), pp. 301-307     		 article  
    Abstract: Concentration profiles of OH and S-2 in a sulfur-containing premixed H-2/air flame were obtained and compared to numerical calculations. The measurements utilized degenerate four-wave mixing and absorption spectroscopy in parallel (MULTIPLEX spectroscopy) and were numerically simulated for a one-dimensional flat flame. An established reaction mechanism for hydrogen oxidation was extended by reactions for the sulfur chemistry drawn from the literature. The experimental results for the OH and S-2 concentration profiles are in good qualitative agreement with the simulations. However, the model calculations underestimate the S-2 concentrations by two orders of magnitude, indicating that important intermediates and reactions could have been omitted. (C) 1999 by The Combustion Institute.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi1999,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Mischler, B. and Schlegel, A. and Tzannis, A. P. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Absolute concentration measurements using DFWM and modeling of OH and S-2 in a fuel-rich H-2/Air/SO2 flame},
  journal = {Combustion And Flame},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {118},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {301--307}
}
    Radi, P.P., Tulej, M., Knopp, G., Beaud, P. & Gerber, T. Stimulated emission pumping by two-color resonant four-wave mixing: rotational characterization of vibrationally excited HCO ((X)over-tilde(2)A ')

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2003 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 34(12), pp. 1037-1044     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: Stimulated emission pumping by applying two-color resonant four-wave mixing was used to measure rotationally resolved spectra of the HCO (0,0,0) (B) over tilde (2)A'-(0,3,1)(X) over tilde (2)A' transition. The formyl radical is produced by photodissociation of formaldehyde at 31710.8 cm(-1) under thermalized conditions in a low-pressure cell. In contrast to the highly congested one-color spectrum of HCO at room temperature, the double-resonance method yields well isolated transitions which are assigned unambiguously owing to intermediate level labeling. Eighty-nine rotational transitions were assigned and yield accurate rotational constants for the vibrationally excited (0,3,1) band of the electronic ground state (X) over tilde (2)A' of HCO. The determined rotational constant A = 25.84 +/- 0.01 cm(-1) is considerably higher than that for the vibrationless ground state and reflects the structural change due to excitation of the bending mode of the formyl radical. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Radi2003,
  author = {Radi, P. P. and Tulej, M. and Knopp, G. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T.},
  title = {Stimulated emission pumping by two-color resonant four-wave mixing: rotational characterization of vibrationally excited HCO ((X)over-tilde(2)A ')},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {34},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1037--1044},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1087}
}
    Ryser, R., Gerber, T. & Dreier, T. Soot particle sizing during high-pressure Diesel spray combustion via time-resolved laser-induced incandescence

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2008 Combustion and Flame
    Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof, pp. -     		 article DOI URL 
    Abstract: Single-pulse time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) signal transients from soot particulates were acquired during unsteady high pressure Diesel combustion in a constant volume cell for typical top dead center conditions during a Diesel engine cycle. Measurements were performed for initial gas pressures between 1 and 3 MPa, injection pressures between 50 and 130 MPa and laser probe timings between 5 and 16 ms after start of fuel injection. In separate experiments and for the same cell operating conditions gas temperatures were deduced from spectrally resolved soot pyrometry measurements. Implementing the LII model of Kock et al. [Combust. Flame 147 (2006) 79-92] ensemble mean soot particle diameters were evaluated from least-squares fitting of theoretical cooling curves to experimental TiRe-LII signal transients. Since in the experiments the environmental gas temperature and the width of an assumed particle size distribution were not known, the effects of the initial choice of these parameters on retrieved particle diameters were investigated. It is shown that evaluated mean particle diameters are only slightly biased by the choice of typical size distribution widths and gas temperatures. For a fixed combustion phase mean particle diameters are not much affected by gas pressure, however they become smaller at high fuel injection pressure. At a mean chamber pressure of 1.39 MPa evaluated mean particle diameters increased by a factor of two for probe delays between 5 and 16 ms after start of injection irrespective of the choices of first-guess fitting variables, indicating a certain robustness of data analysis procedure.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Ryser,
  author = {Ryser, R. and Gerber, T. and Dreier, T.},
  title = {Soot particle sizing during high-pressure Diesel spray combustion via time-resolved laser-induced incandescence},
  journal = {Combustion and Flame},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {In Press, Corrected Proof},
  pages = {--},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2B-4TF98NS-3/2/744f816281eb08abae271ecf858514b7},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.08.005}
}
    SCHMIELE, R., LUTHY, W., GERBER, T. & HENCHOZ, P.D. Raman-Scattering In Thallium Iodide And Thallium Bromide Vapor

    [BibTeX]

    		 1982 Journal Of Molecular Spectroscopy
    Vol. 96(2), pp. 378-382     		 article  
    BibTeX: 
    @article{SCHMIELE1982,
  author = {SCHMIELE, R. and LUTHY, W. and GERBER, T. and HENCHOZ, P. D.},
  title = {Raman-Scattering In Thallium Iodide And Thallium Bromide Vapor},
  journal = {Journal Of Molecular Spectroscopy},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {96},
  number = {2},
  pages = {378--382}
}
    Schussler, T., Roth, W., Gerber, T., Alcaraz, C. & Fischer, I. The VUV photochemistry of radicals: C3H3 and C2H5

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2005 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
    Vol. 7(5), pp. 819-825     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: The VUV photochemistry of the radicals propargyl, C3H3, and ethyl, C2H5, is investigated using synchrotron radiation. The radicals are produced by. ash pyrolysis from propargyl bromide and ethyl iodide, respectively. It is shown that dissociative photoionisation of propargyl is associated with loss of a H- atom, leading to formation of c-C3H2+. The process sets in between 12.5 and 13 eV, in agreement with computations. The alternative pathway, leading to C3H+ + H-2 is only tentatively observed at energies above 15.5 eV. The onset for dissociative photoionisation of ethyl according to C2H5 --> C2H3+ + H-2 is observed at 11.6 eV, roughly 1 eV higher than expected from ab initio calculations. In addition we monitor the hitherto unobserved three- body dissociative ionisation of the precursor molecules. The process C2H5I --> C2H3+ + H-2 + I sets in above 12.7 eV, the dissociative ionisation of C3H3Br --> C3H+ + H-2 + Br above 15 eV.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Schussler2005,
  author = {Schussler, T. and Roth, W. and Gerber, T. and Alcaraz, C. and Fischer, I.},
  title = {The VUV photochemistry of radicals: C3H3 and C2H5},
  journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {7},
  number = {5},
  pages = {819--825},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b414163f}
}
    Tulej, M., Knopp, G., Beaud, P., Gerber, T. & Radi, P.P. Photo-fragment excitation spectroscopy (PHOFEX) by DFWM and LIF: propensities for H2CO -> HCO+H near the S-o threshold

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2005 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 36(2), pp. 109-115     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: A novel technique for photo-fragment excitation spectroscopy (PHOFEX) is introduced by applying resonant-enhanced degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The method is applied to investigate the dynamics of the radical channel decomposition of H2CO. The DFWM configuration is used to excite H2CO to an energy level close to the threshold for dissociation to radical products on the So potential energy surface. Simultaneously, LIF is employed to detect the nascent HCO fragments. PHOFEX spectra are recorded by tuning the DFWM photon energy near the dissociation threshold and measuring specific HCO transitions by LIF. The PHOFEX spectra are subsequently normalized to the DFWM signals recorded simultaneously. The resulting fluorescence quantum yield spectra provide sensitive information on state-specific propensities of the dissociation reaction. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Tulej2005,
  author = {Tulej, M. and Knopp, G. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Photo-fragment excitation spectroscopy (PHOFEX) by DFWM and LIF: propensities for H2CO -> HCO+H near the S-o threshold},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {109--115},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1286}
}
    Tulej, M., Meisinger, M., Knopp, G., Walser, A.M., Beaud, P., Gerber, T. & Radi, P.P. Degenerate and two-color resonant four-wave mixing applied to the rotational characterization of high-lying vibrational states of formaldehyde ((A)over-tilde, (1)A(2))

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2006 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 37(1-3), pp. 376-383     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: Degenerate and two-color resonant four-wave mixing techniques (DFWM and TC-RFWM) are applied to determine rotational constants of high-lying vibrational levels in the first excited singlet state (A) over tilde((1)A(2)) Of formaldehyde. It has been demonstrated that the sensitivity of the spectroscopic technique is applicable to the low-density environment of a supersonic molecular beam and to predissociating transitions displaying low fluorescence quantum yield. In addition, we take advantage of the superior selectivity of the double-resonance method, TC-RFWM, to isolate and assign transitions in the congested region of the (one-color) DFWM spectra. The line positions of 25 well-isolated transitions are determined in the 2(0)(2)5(0)(1) band and yield the rotational constants A, B, C and the origin v,. The accuracy of the constants is determined by performing the same procedure for the 2(0)(2)4(0)(1) band where literature data is available for comparison. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Tulej2006,
  author = {Tulej, M. and Meisinger, M. and Knopp, G. and Walser, A. M. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Degenerate and two-color resonant four-wave mixing applied to the rotational characterization of high-lying vibrational states of formaldehyde ((A)over-tilde, (1)A(2))},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {376--383},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1438}
}
    Tulej, M., Meisinger, M., Knopp, G., Walser, A.M., Beaud, P., Gerber, T. & Radi, P.P. Comparative study of degenerate four-wave mixing and cavity ringdown signal intensities of formaldehyde in a molecular beam

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2006 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 37(6), pp. 680-688     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: A comparison of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) and cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy is made on jet-cooled formaldehyde under identical expansion conditions. We show that both methods are applicable to the low-density environment of a molecular beam. However, a slightly superior signal-to-noise ratio for the background-free DFWM method is observed for our experimental configurations. Absorption spectra simulated by applying an asymmetric rotor model are used to deduce Boltzmann temperatures of the rotational population distribution by a nonlinear least-squares fit to the experimental data. In addition, partial interconversion of the nuclear spin upon supersonic expansion is observed. Consequently, a second fit parameter, describing the para/ortho concentration ratio in the molecular beam, is introduced. The resulting simulated spectra are in favorable agreement with the relative CRD intensities. A simple model for the reduction of the DFWM signal intensities to population is applied yielding absorption-like spectra in accordance with both the simulations and the CRD measurements. We conclude that DFWM spectroscopy is applicable to deduce population distributions of an asymmetric rotor molecule under free-jet conditions. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Tulej2006a,
  author = {Tulej, M. and Meisinger, M. and Knopp, G. and Walser, A. M. and Beaud, P. and Gerber, T. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Comparative study of degenerate four-wave mixing and cavity ringdown signal intensities of formaldehyde in a molecular beam},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {37},
  number = {6},
  pages = {680--688},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1513}
}
    Tulej, M., Meisinger, M., Knopp, G., Walser, A.M., Gerber, T. & Radi, P.P. Multiplex spectroscopy of stable and transient species in a molecular beam

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2007 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 38(8), pp. 1022-1031     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: A new apparatus is described that uses nonlinear and linear spectroscopic techniques simultaneously for the characterization of stable and transient molecules in a molecular beam environment. Short-lived species are generated by applying a well-defined discharge on a suitable precursor prior to supersonic expansion. Femtosecond ionization and mass spectrometry is used to optimize the discharge source. Degenerate and two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy (DFWM and TC-RFWM, respectively) are used in tandem with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD). We demonstrate initial experiments on the 4051 angstrom band of C-3 (A(1) Pi(u) - X-1 Sigma(+)(g), 000-000). DFWM, LIF and CRD display similarities in the general shape and position of the rovibronic transitions. A more detailed view, however, reveals the complementary character of the methods and the potential of simultaneously measured spectra. High signal-to-noise ratios and well-structured spectra are obtained by DFWM. LIF is favorable for the observation of weak features but strongly dependent on the relaxation mechanism of the upper excited state. CRD suffers generally from a large background signal but yields quantitative information. By applying the methods in parallel, quantitative measurements of molecular number densities, transitions dipole moments and relaxation rates are accessible. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Tulej2007,
  author = {Tulej, M. and Meisinger, M. and Knopp, G. and Walser, A. M. and Gerber, T. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Multiplex spectroscopy of stable and transient species in a molecular beam},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {38},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1022--1031},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1735}
}
    Tzannis, A.P., Beaud, P., Frey, H.M., Gerber, T., Mischler, B. & Radi, P.P. Phase-conjugate resonant holographic interferometry applied to NH concentration measurements in a two-dimensional diffusion flame

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 1997 Applied Optics
    Vol. 36(30), pp. 7978-7983     		 article  
    Abstract: Resonant holographic interferometry is a diagnostic technique based on the dispersion of light having a frequency close to that of an electronic transition of a molecule. We propose a novel single-laser, two-color setup for the recording of resonant holograms and apply it to two-dimensional (2D) species concentration measurements in a combustion environment. The generation of the second color is achieved by optical phase conjugation from stimulated Brillouin scattering in a cell. The frequency shift of similar to 8.5 GHz introduced by the phase conjugation matches approximately the linewidth of many molecular transitions at typical flame temperatures and can be implemented to produce holograms of good contrast and diffraction efficiency. Phase-conjugate resonant holographic interferometry is demonstrated in a 2D NH3-O-2 flame, yielding interferograms containing information on the NH radical concentration distribution in the flame. Experimental results are quantified by application of a numerical computation of the complex refractive index. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Tzannis1997,
  author = {Tzannis, A. P. and Beaud, P. and Frey, H. M. and Gerber, T. and Mischler, B. and Radi, P. P.},
  title = {Phase-conjugate resonant holographic interferometry applied to NH concentration measurements in a two-dimensional diffusion flame},
  journal = {Applied Optics},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {36},
  number = {30},
  pages = {7978--7983}
}
    Walser, A.M., Beaud, P., Radi, P.P., Tulej, M., Gerber, T. & Knopp, G. Time-resolved investigation of the nu(1) ro-vibrational Raman band of H2CO with fs-CARS

    [Abstract] [BibTeX]

    		 2007 Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy
    Vol. 38(2), pp. 147-153     		 article DOI  
    Abstract: The technique of femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes scattering (fs-CARS) is used to investigate the strongly perturbed nu(1) ro-vibrational Raman band of formaldehyde (H2CO). The time-dependent signal is simulated using a 'Watson-'Hamiltonian in A-type reduction and Raman theory for asymmetric rotors. The results are compared with the experimental data. The fs-CARS method measures the evolution of the polarization in a molecular ensemble via superposition of many states and is sensitive to spectral irregularities or line shifts of the involved transitions. 'Coriolis' interactions play a major role in the analysis of the v, band of formaldehyde. We successfully simulate the fs-CARS transient signal from the v, band of formaldehyde including a model for multiple 'Coriolis' interactions, without the necessity of describing the complete interaction between all the vibrational levels. 'Coriolis' coupling coefficients and energy shifts are derived from the experiment by a least-square fit. The results are discussed and compared to literature values. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    BibTeX: 
    @article{Walser2007,
  author = {Walser, A. M. and Beaud, P. and Radi, P. P. and Tulej, M. and Gerber, T. and Knopp, G.},
  title = {Time-resolved investigation of the nu(1) ro-vibrational Raman band of H2CO with fs-CARS},
  journal = {Journal Of Raman Spectroscopy},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {147--153},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1613}
}
    Femtosecond Photodissociation of the Ethyl Radical C2H5.

    [BibTeX]

    		 2002   book  
    BibTeX: 
    @book{KnoppG.2002,,
  title = {Femtosecond Photodissociation of the Ethyl Radical C2H5.},
  publisher = {world scientific },
  year = {2002}
}

    Created by JabRef on 25/09/2008.